Archives for March 2020

March 2020

Shetal Shah, MD, FAAP

Shetal Shah, MD, FAAP

Dear NYS AAP – Chapter 2 Member,

As we all adjust to the changes in our lives brought about by COVID-19, I wanted to update you on what our Chapter, the National American Academy of Pediatrics, and the state and local government have been doing to assist patients and pediatricians during this time.  Like you, we are learning as we go and dealing with an ever-shifting array of regulations in both our personal and professional lives.  However, this is what has been done so far.
  • The New York State Department of Health has created a single website for all information related to COVID-19:  https://www.health.ny.gov/diseases/communicablecoronavirus/providers.htm The website includes medical information for healthcare providers.
  • For more pediatric-specific information, the National AAP has created a web resource for members: https://services.aap.org/en/pages/2019-novel-coronavirus-covid-19-infections/ and established an email address COVID-19@aap.org for questions related to pediatrics.
  • Dr. Lenny Krilov, Chairman of Pediatrics and New York University Winthrop Hospital at a Pediatric Infectious Disease specialist, recorded a short video about the importance of social distancing and handwashing which is available from multiple sources in Nassau County.
  • Both AAP Chapters 2 and 3 were consulted about the decision and timing of closing New York City Public Schools. Advocacy by senior NYS and Chapter leaders, particularly Drs. Lisa Handwerker (President, NYS AAP – Chapter 3) and Warren Seigel (Chair, NYS AAP District II), helped assure that the city implemented a plan to make school meals available to eligible students prior to closing until April 20th.
  • New York State released a downloadable PDF of a sign to assist triage of patients who enter a healthcare setting and may be exhibiting possible symptoms of COVID-19: https://health.ny.gov/publications/13076.pdf
  • Within hours of the announcement that schools in Nassau and Suffolk County would be closed for 2 weeks, Chapter 2 submitted a list of questions/concerns to the County Legislatures concerning the need to ensure healthcare workers receive priority for childcare and school services. As of this writing, that plan is currently being created.
  • The Chapter has reached out to the Departments of Health of Nassau and Suffolk Counties, and New York City, on behalf of its members in an attempt to secure Personal Protection Equipment (PPE), particularly gowns and N-95 masks – which many private pediatric offices do not stock and are unable to obtain.  All 3 departments have relayed that the shortage of PPE requires prioritizing ERs and hospitals, particularly intensive care units and therefore no other PPE is available.  In fact, conservation of PPE is actively occurring within hospitals due to concerns of a potential future shortage.  That said, all of these departments are aware of the critical role pediatricians will play in assessing the status of children, particularly those with primary caretakers in higher risk groups.
  • New York City recently announced that small businesses may be eligible for no-interest loans or grants if they can demonstrate significant financial losses from COVID-19.  The Chapter is working with officials in New York City to ensure that small pediatric practices which voluntarily reduced well-child visits during the pandemic as a means of reducing community spread are eligible. More information on these programs is available here:https://www1.nyc.gov/site/sbs/businesses/covid19-business-outreach.page
  • As Nassau and Suffolk Counties consider similar programs, the Chapter is working to ensure that small medical practices are also included.
It’s now been another week that we’ve been living and dealing with COVID-19 24 hours a day.  As always, we at the NYS AAP – Chapter 2 are inspired by the efforts of all our pediatric members to keep children safe during this pandemic.
As I reiterated a few weeks ago, I know you are getting deluged with emails, and that hospital regulations are changing (sometimes dramatically) daily.  Keeping up with all the information for yourself and your patients, adapting to new ways to delivering care, and just keeping our families together (and our kids from killing each other) is exhausting.  This is what your local AAP Chapter and the National AAP have been doing:
  • National AAP issued a “CALL TO ACTION” on behalf of pediatricians and other physicians to increase the availability/supply of Personal Protective Equipment (PPE).  The Chapter has partnered with Nassau County’s Office of Emergency Management to assist with distribution of Personal Protective Equipment.  The Chapter has already distributed ~300 masks and other PPE to pediatricians across Long Island.  Through our strong partnership with legislators across New York, the Chapter obtained a small amount of standard (non-N95) facemasks for outpatient, private pediatric practices.  The Chapter has stepped in to distribute about ~100 masks which general pediatricians can use to see children who require in-person visits in the office, thereby reducing the burden on emergency rooms.  Contact Jessica Geslani if you require a portion of this allotment.  Pediatricians that provide care in Nassau can complete the short online form available here: https://app.nassaucountyny.gov/OEM/supply-request/ to request equipment.  As we receive more, we will be distributing it accordingly.
  • The Chapter has also sent letters to all 11 of the Chapter’s federal representatives outlining the dire need for personal protective equipment, faster roll-out of point-of-care testing for COVID-19, a national stay-at-home order, and increased enforcement of current regulations.
  • At the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic, pediatricians in Chapter 2 realized that health plans covered under the Employee Retirement Income Security Act (ERISA) were NOT uniformly paying for telehealth visits, financially impacting pediatricians and reducing healthcare access during a time of public health crisis for up 5-8% of children in our Chapter.  Within TWO WEEKS, Chapter leaders brought this to the attention of Representative Tom Suozzi of New York 3rd Congressional District.  As a member of the powerful House Ways and Means Committee, he was closely involved in reviewing pending COVID legislation. Based on discussions with Chapter 2, Rep. Suozzi urged members of the House Education and Labor Committee to ensure that federal legislation REQUIRED these plans to cover telehealth services for both adults and children. The measure passed into law on March 27, 2020 as part of the “Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security Act” or CARES Act. Chapter members should be proud of our role in detecting a loophole in federal policy and working expeditiously to close it in close partnership with our legislators.  Read the letter congratulating our Chapter on influencing national policy.
  • We are in contact with Tanuja Mohapatra of the New York State Department of Financial Services to ensure compliance of state-regulated health plans with telehealth.  If you are denied payment for a telehealth visit during the pandemic, please contact us.
  • Chapter 2 member and Pediatric Pulmonologist Dr. Melodi Pirzada from NYU Winthrop Hospital has answered questions from the public live on News 12 Long Island.
  • Dr. Eve Krief also participated in a “VIRTUAL TOWN HALL” on COVID-19 via Facebook LIVE.
  • Immediate Past President of New York Chapter 2, Dr. Steve Goldstein, made an appearance on MSNBC as one of several physicians calling for increased access to PPE.
  • Through our partnership with State Senator Jim Gaughran, our Chapter was THE STATE LEADER in ensuring that pediatric outpatient offices will qualify for Empire State Development and state Small Business Administration loans in New York. Until we brought this to the state’s attention, there was no consideration given to whether outpatient medical practices (themselves small businesses) would qualify.  Pediatric practices will be treated no differently than any other business and will be able to receive grants/loans based on their number of employees.
  • The Chapter partnered with local Girl Scout Troops and received donations of unsold Girls Scout Cookies which have been delivered to children’s hospitals within the Chapter.
  • We are considering starting a listserv, similar to the popular listserv on the National AAP’s Section on Practice Management, to help area pediatricians dealing with any COVID-19 issues.  If you are interested in having the Chapter pursue this, please contact me or Jessica Geslani at jgeslani@aap.org
  • Don’t forget to read our Pediatric Blog on COVID-19 by Dr. Asif Noor, available at: http://ny2aap.org/category/blog/
  • The NYS DOH’s COVID-19 Weekly Healthcare Provider Update Compilation provides healthcare providers in New York State with a consolidated update of guidance released by the New York State Department of Health (NYSDOH) related to the COVID-19 pandemic response.  Click Here for this week’s update.
  • Raise the Age NY put out a call for help in urging NY Governor Cuomo and NYC Mayor de Blasio to act quickly to reduce the risks to young people and families posed by the COVID-19 pandemic.  Learn more and spread the word by using their social media toolkit.
In the past few weeks, I’ve felt like the world is going crazy and tilting off its axis.  Then I think about the vital role we play in the lives of our patients and families as we show up each day to care for children, all of whom – either directly or indirectly – have been impacted by this virus.  It’s a quick way to rejuvenate yourself before the next encyclopedia of regulations/policies/procedures arrives in your inbox.
As always, if there is anything more the Chapter could be doing to help pediatricians in this demanding time, please do not hesitate to reach out to us.
Sincerely,
Shetal Shah, MD, FAAP
President, NYS AAP – Chapter 2

COVID-19 in New York: What Pediatricians need to know!

Asif Noor, MD, FAAP

Asif Noor, MD, FAAP

Dr. Asif Noor, MD, FAAP is a Pediatric Infectious Disease Specialist at NYU Winthrop Hospital and he co-chairs the Infectious Disease Committee of the NYS AAP Chapter 2)

Folks rumble on Corona
All along from Wuhan to Barcelona
A virus damned for misery and fear
A virus you need to brace as it comes near

The emergence of the new coronavirus aka COVID-19 in New York was inevitable.  As of March 5th, New York State has reported eleven confirmed cases. Nine of them can be linked directly to one particular person residing in Westchester.  This suggests local transmission of COVOID-19 in New York.

I would like to share:

  1. Important facts about COVID-19,
  2. Comparison of COVID -19 versus influenza
  3. Approach to COVID -19 in office setting
  4. Preparedness tips

If you are crunched for time there are a few tables at the end for quick reference.

Background: A novel animal coronavirus launched its spread from the industrial city of Wuhan in China few months ago, in late December 2019.  A cluster of atypical pneumonia cases linked to the Huanan wholesale seafood market in Wuhan prompted the initial investigation. By early January 2020, outbreak was declared as a public health emergency in China. Rapid spread and link to Wuhan during the prime stages of the outbreak in China was dealt with strict quarantine laws. As weeks passed by, cases without link to Wuhan emerged within China. On January 13th the first case outside China was reported.  The following month of February was marked with an alarming situation. The number of new cases of COVID-19 surpassed in countries other than China.  These included imported cases but the worry was local transmission. South Korea, Iran, Italy and Japan currently have the highest COVID-19 counts outside mainland China with evidence of local transmission. Worldwide over 70 countries have confirmed cases and the list keeps on growing daily.

WHO and CDC predict an alarming situation. Travel restrictions, quarantines, hospital preparedness plans are in full swing since late February. Resources are being diverted to manage a catastrophe posed by COVID-19.  Experts are encouraging the need to prepare for a Pandemic!  Every new case is a Breaking News.

So what is this presumed apocalyptic virus? COVID -19’s uncertain potential creates many what’s, when’s and How’s. We need answers and we need them quick! Answers are indeed trickling in. An outpouring of initial evidence from large case series, epidemiological studies and histopathological analysis is now available. PubMed have over 500 articles and numerous expert opinions. At the same time many are trying to extrapolate COVID-19s potential by comparing it to seasonal influenza as well the other 21st century’s novel coronaviruses such as SARS 1 and MERS.

COVID -19: Name and the Virus

Coronavirus disease in 2019 aka COVID 19 is a novel human infecting betacoronavirus (of animal origin). It is similar to the two other bat derived coronaviruses, the 2002 SARS and 2012 MERS virus. SARS 1 hopped over from bats to civet (a small nocturnal mammal) and then to human. MERS virus jumped from bats to camels and then human, this current COVID-19 started with bats with intermediate host Pangolin (a scaly anteater) and then to humans.

The coronavirus is a single stranded RNA virus with crown like spikes over the surface, hence the name coronavirus. These spikes allow attachment to upper respiratory tract epithelium. A spectrum of respiratory illness follows invasion, a pattern seen similar to other high impact viruses. Severity mainly depends upon the host. Symptoms range from asymptomatic state, mild symptoms of upper respiratory tract infection to severe manifestations of pneumonia and respiratory failure (ARDS, septic shock).

Large case series clearly show that COVID-19 has affected disproportionately the elderly and people with underlying medical problems. Children less than 18 years account for only 2 % of the affected group. Majority of these children had mild upper respiratory symptoms. This is in contrast to seasonal influenza where 20 -30 % of infections are in children and the diseases is associated with complication. So far in the 2019-20 influenza season 125 pediatric deaths have been reported!

COVID-19: How does it spread and the incubation period.

It is spread from person to person. Humans are immune naive to this virus. It can be transmitted from person to person in close contact (< 6 feet) through respiratory droplet produced by coughing and sneezing. Transmission is almost always from symptomatic people. There are a few case reports citing presumed asymptomatic carrier transmission however it’s exceptionally infrequent.

The incubation period (interval between exposure and onset of symptoms) is cited to be a median of 5 days (range 1-14 days). Getting this incubation period right is important for purposeful quarantine of asymptomatic individuals. A few anecdotal case reports from China mention incubation period of 27 days but that’s not the standard and asymptomatic individuals will not be responsible for the vast majority of transmission.

COVID-19:  Infection potential and Mortality

In order to estimate impact of this virus, we need to understand two features of COVID 19, its contagiousness and mortality (case fatality rate). Remember these are just approximations and not true predictions.

Potential to spread:  How an infection spreads in a population is measured statistically by a “basic reproduction number”, also called R0. This number will predict how many new people each infected person will end up infecting if the infection is left unchecked.  If R0 is < 1 the infection will typically vanish over time. R0 more than one implies that a sick person can infect one person at least, who will infect others leading to spread. To provide a context, seasonal influenza has an R0 of 1.2, which means every five infected people will transmit it to a new sixth person. In 2019, we were faced with the highly contagious measles outbreak in NY. Measles has an R0 of 12-18 which implies each measles case will spread infection to 12-18 new unvaccinated people.

COVID-19 has an estimated R0 between 1.4 and 4 which is within range for other coronaviruses. Spread is inevitable given lack of vaccine and no herd immunity.

Potential to cause death: Another important aspect is the case fatality rate. The mortality rate of COVID-19 was initially reported as 2.3 %. However, earlier rates was calculated based on cases of pneumonia. As the number of laboratory confirmed cases includes the asymptomatic and minimally symptomatic, the case fatality rate continues to fall. It was revealed to be 1.4 % in 1099 laboratory confirmed cases by Guan et al. This rate is considerably lower than other animal coronaviruses: SARS (9.6 %) and MERS (34 %).

COVID 19: Testing

Common human coronaviruses (HKU1, NL63, 229E, OC43) detected by the widely available respiratory multiplex PCR panel or Film array are responsible for one quarter of common colds during winter months. It does not detect COVID -19.

New York State has the capability to perform real-time polymerase chain reaction assay to identify COVID-19. Large academic centers and commercial laboratories soon will have the ability to run the test.  If you suspect a child potentially can have COVID-19 on basis of exposure, travel to outbreak regions, and a work up is negative for common respiratory pathogens, you should send the test and also call local department of health: NYC (866)-692-3641, Nassau (516) 227-9639 and Suffolk (631) 854-0333 to discuss the potential case.

There is no vaccine, no approved treatment no prophylaxis. There are anecdotal reports on chloroquine, lopinavir/ritonavir use and some success with investigational use of remdesivir for compassionate use.

Undoubtedly, COVID-19 poses a public health threat. It requires a balanced response using appropriate resources to tackle it. An exaggerated response may overwhelm our healthcare and divert resources from where they are needed the most. Being prepared is what we should do. We should refrain at all cost from spreading fear and anxiety.

WHO and CDC predict an alarming situation.  Travel restrictions, quarantines, hospital preparedness plans are in full swing since late February. Resources are being diverted to manage a catastrophe posed by COVID-19.  Experts are encouraging the need to prepare for a Pandemic!  Every new case is Breaking News.

A few tables for your quick references: –

Table 1

COVID-19 versus Influenza
COVID-19 Influenza

Children under 18 have low prevalence (2%)  and mild disease (no pediatric deaths )

Overall mortality is 2.3 % (continues to decline), disproportionately effecting the elderly and those with medical problems

Spread is efficient (estimated R0 is 1.4-4) but containment is possible

No mutations

No vaccine

No standard treatment (only anecdotal and experimental drugs)

Annual influenza prevalence is 20-30 % in children

So far in 2019-20 season there were 125 pediatric deaths in United States alone

Spread is efficient (R0 is 1.3) and containment for seasonal flu is not possible

Mutations (shifts and drifts even in a single season are common)

Vaccine is available

Treatment is available

 

Table 2

Approach to COVID -19 in your pediatric office

1-      Encourage patients with fever and respiratory symptoms (URI, cough, difficulty breathing) to stay home and provide phone/virtual consultation.

2-      If symptomatic patients have mild symptoms returning from China, South Korea, Italy , Japan and Iran, inform to self-quarantine for 14 days. The list of countries with widespread sustained transmission is expected to grow

3-      If a symptomatic patient needs to be seen. Inquire about exposure to a person with known COVID-19 or travel to a region with high local transmission (China, South Korea, Japan, Italy, and Iran). If positive, provide masks upon arriving to the office and escort them into a separate room. Providers should use appropriate personal protective equipment (surgical mask with eye protection at least).

4-      Call your respective local health department.

 

Table 3

Tips for patients and families

1-      Wash hands frequently

2-      Wash hands before touching your face

3-      Buy hand sanitizers instead of masks (masks if incorrectly used can increase risk of infection)

4-      Get your flu shot, it’s not too late.

5-      Prepare in case you need to stay home if there is a community wide isolation.  It will be wise to stock food, water and essential supplies.